第4章 Introduction: Beyond War and Peace
PowerandLove 作者：AdamKahane 投票推薦 加入書簽 留言反饋
ourtwomosmonwaysoftryingtoaddressourtoughestsocialchallengesaretheextremeones:aggressivewarandsubmissivepeace.neitherofthesewaysworks.wecantry,usingourgunsormoneyorvotes,topushthroughwhatwewant,regardlessofwhatotherswant-butinevitablytheotherspushback.orwecantrynottopushanythingonanyone-butthatleavesoursituationjustasitis.
theseextremewaysareextremelmon,onallscales.oneonone,wecanbepushyorconflictaverse.atwork,wecanbebossyor"goalongtogetalong."inoumunities,wecansetthingsupsothattheyarethewaywewantthemtobe,orwecanabdicate.innationffairs,wecanmakedealstogetourway,orwecanletothershavetheirway.ininternationalrtions-whetherthechallengeisclimatechangeortraderulesorpeaceinthemiddleeast-wecantrytoimposeoursolutionsoneveryoneelse,orwecannegotiateendlessly.theseextrememonwaysoftryingtoaddressourtoughestsocialchallengesusuallyfail,leavingusstuckandinpain.therearemanyexceptionstothesegeneralizationsabouttheprevalenceoftheseextremeways,butthefactthattheseareexceptionsprovesthegeneralrule.weneed-andmanypeopleareworkingondeveloping-different,umonwaysofaddressingsocialchallenges:waysbeyondthesedegenerativeformsofwarandpeace.
acharacterinrent,jonatharson''sbroadwaymusicboutstrugglingartistsandmusiciansinnewyorkcity,says,"theoppositeofwarisn''tpeace,it''screation!"[1]toaddressourtoughestsocialchallenges,weneedawaythatisneitherwarnorpeace,butcollectivecreation.howcanweco-createnewsocialrealities?
twofundamentaldrives
toco-createnewsocialrealities,wehavetoworkwithtwodistinctfundamentalforcesthatareintension:powerandlove.thisassertionrequiresanexnationbecausethewords"power"and"love"aredefinedbysomanydifferentpeopleinsomanydifferentways.inthisbookiusetwounusualdefinitionsofpowerandlovesuggestedbytheologianandphilosopherpaultillich.hisdefinitionsareontological:theydealwithwhatandwhypowerandloveare,ratherthanwhattheyenableorproduce.iusethesedefinitionsbecausetheyringtruewithmyexperienceofwhatinpracticeisrequiredtoaddresstoughchallengesatalllevels:individual,groupmunity,society.
tillichdefinespoweras"thedriveofeverythinglivingtorealizeitself,withincreasingintensityandextensity."sopowerinthissenseisthedrivetoachieveone''spurpose,togetone''sjobdone,togrow.hedefinesloveas"thedrivetowardstheunityoftheseparated."[2]soloveinthissenseisthedrivetoreconnectandmakewholethatwhichhasbeorappearsfragmented.thesetwowaysoflookingatpowerandlove,ratherthanthemormonideasofoppressivepowerandromanticlove(representedonthecoverbythegrenadeandtherose),areatthecoreofthisbook.
ourfullworld
wecannotaddressourtoughchallengesonlythroughdrivingtowardsself-realizationoronlythroughdrivingtowardsunity.weneedtodoboth.oftenweassumethatallittakestocreatesomethingnew-whetherinbusinessorpoliticsortechnologyorart-ispurposefulnessorpower.thisisbecauseweoftenassumethatthecontextinwhichwecreateisanemptyworld:anopenfrontier,awhitespace,ankcanvas.ingeneralthisassumptionisincorrect.
let''slookatahistoricalexample.in1788,britishsettlersarrivedinaustraliaandencounteredtheindigenouspeoplewhohadarrived40,000yearsearlier.thishistoryillustratesnotonlythecourageandentrepreneurialismofpeoplewillingtotravcrosstheglobetocreateanewsocialreality,butalsothehumanandecologicaldevastationthatthispioneeringmind-setcanproduce.formorethantwocenturies,theconflictbetweensettlersandaboriginalpeoplesinaustraliawasframedintermsofthedoctrineofterranullius,aromanlegaltermthatmeansndbelongingtonoone,"or"emptnd."itwasnotuntil1992thatthehighcourtofaustraliaruledthatthecontinenthadinfactneverbeenterranullius,andthatthemodern-daysettlershadtoworkoutanewwayoflivingtogetherwiththeaboriginalpeople.
noneofuslivesinterranullius.wecanpretendthatourworldisempty,butitisnot.ourearthisincreasinglyfullofpeopleandbuildingsandcarsandpilesofgarbage.ouratmosphereisincreasinglyfullofcarbondioxide.oursocietyisincreasinglyfullofdiverse,strongpetingvoicesandideasandcultures.thisfullnessisthefundamentalreasonwhy,inordertoaddressourtoughestsocialchallenges,weneedtoemploynotonlypowerbutalsolove.
achallengeistoughwhenitiplexinthreeways.[3]achallengeisdynamicallplexwhencauseandeffectareinterdependentandfarapartinspaceandtime;suchchallengescannotsessfullybeaddressedpiecebypiece,butonlybyseeingthesystemasawhole.achallengeissociallplexwhentheactorsinvolvedhavedifferentperspectivesandinterests;suchchallengescannotsessfullybeaddressedbyexpertsorauthorities,butonlywiththeengagementoftheactorsthemselves.andachallengeisgenerativelplexwhenitsfutureisfundamentallyunfamiliarandundetermined;suchchallengescannotsessfullybeaddressedbyapplying"bestpractice"solutionsfromthepast,butonlybygrowingnew,"nextpractice"solutions.
thefullnessofourworldproducesthisthreefolplexity.wecanpretendthatweareindependentandthatwhatwedodoesnotaffectothers(andwhatothersdodoesnotaffectus),butthisisnottrue.wecanpretendthateverybodyseesthingsthesameway,orthatourdifferencescanberesolvedpurelythroughmarketorpoliticalorlegapetition,butthisisnottrue.andwecanpretendthatwecandothingsthewaywealwayshave,orthatwecanfirstfigureoutandthenexecutethecorrectanswer,butthisisnottrue.
whenwepretendthatourworldisemptyratherthanfull,andthatourchallengesaresimpleratherthaplex,wegetstuck.ifwewanttogetunstuck,weneedtoacknowledgeourinterdependence,cooperate,andfeelourwayforward.weneedthereforetoemploynotonlyourpowerbutalsoourlove.ifthissoundseasy,itisnot.itisdifficultanddangerous.
twopitfalls
powerandlovearedifficulttoworkwithbecauseeachofthemhastwosides.powerhasagenerativesideandadegenerativeside,and-lessobviously-lovealsohasagenerativesideandadegenerativeside.feministschrpamelchioripointedouttomethatwecanseethesetwosetsoftwosidesifwelookathistoricallyconstructedgenderroles.thefather,embodyingmasculinepower,goesouttowork,todohisjob.thegenerativesideofhispoweristhathecancreatesomethingvaluableintheworld.thedegenerativesideofhispoweristhathecanbesofocusedonhisworkthathedenieshisconnectiontohiscolleaguesandfamily,andsobesarobotoratyrant.
themother,bycontrast,embodyingfemininelove,staysathometoraisethechildren.thegenerativesideofherloveisthatshegiveslife,literallytoherchildandfigurativelytoherwholefamily.thedegenerativesideofherloveisthatshecanbesoidentifiedwithandembracingofherchildandfamilythatshedeniestheirandespeciallyherownneedforself-realization,andsostuntstheirandherowngrowth.[4]
loveiswhatmakespowergenerativeinsteadofdegenerative.poweriswhatmakeslovegenerativeinsteadofdegenerative.powerandlovearethereforeexactlplementary.inorderforeachtoachieveitsfullpotential,itneedstheother.justastheterranulliusperspectiveoffocusingonlyonpowerisanerror,sotooisthepopperspectivethat"allyouneedislove."
psychologistrollomay,afriendofpaultillich,warnedofthedangersofdisconnectingpower(whichhereferredtoas"will")fromlove."loveandwill,"hewrote,"areinterdependentandbelongtogether.bothareconjunctiveprocessesofbeing-areachingouttoinfluenceothers,molding,forming,creatingtheconsciousnessoftheother.butthisisonlypossible,inaninnersense,ifoneopensoneselfatthesametimetotheinfluenceoftheother.willwithoutlovebesmaniptionandlovewithoutwillbessentimental.thebottomthendropsoutoftheconjunctiveemotionsandprocesses."[5]may''sconjunctiveprocessesalsooperateonasociallevel,andwecaneffectnonviolentsocialchangeonlyifwecanengagebothourpowerandourlove.
oneofthegreatestpractitionersofnonviolentsocialchange,martinlutherkingjr.,wasbothapracttivistandaspiritualleader.hedemonstratedawayofaddressingtoughsocialchallengesthatwentbeyondaggressivewarandsubmissivepeace,therebycontributingtothecreationofnewsocialrealitiesintheunitedstatesandaroundtheworld.inhistpresidentialspeechtothesouthernchristianleadershipconference,king-drawingonhisdoctoralstudiesoftillich''swork-emphasizedtheessentiaplementaritybetweenpowerandlove.[6]"powerwithoutloveisrecklessandabusive,"kingsaid,"andlovewithoutpowerissentimentndanemic."[7]
myownexperienceofthepasttwentyyearsentirelybearsoutking''sanalysis.powerwithoutloveisrecklessandabusive.ifthoseofusengagedinsocialchangeacttorealizeourselveswithoutrecognizingthatweandothersareinterdependent,theresultwitbestbeinsensitiveandatworst,oppressiveorevengenocidal.andlovewithoutpowerissentimentndanemic.ifwerecognizeourinterdependenceandacttounifywithothers,butdosoinawaythathobblesourownorothers''growth,theresultwitbestbeineffectundatworst,deceitfullyreinforcingofthestatusquo.
powerwithoutloveproducesscorched-earthwarthatdestroyseverythingweholddear.lovewithoutpowerproduceslifelesspeacethatleavesusstuckince.bothoftheseareterribleoues.weneedtofindabetterway.
inhisspeech,kingwentontosay,"thiscollisionofimmoralpowerwithpowerlessmoralityconstitutesthemajorcrisisofourtime."[8]thiscollisioncontinuesbecauseourprizationofpowerandlovecontinues.inoursocietiesanmunitiesandorganizations,andwithineachofus,weusuallyfinda"powercamp,"whichpaysattentiontointerestsanddifferences,anda"lovecamp,"whichpaysattentiontoconnectionsanmonalities.thecollisionbetweenthesetwocamps-intheworldsofbusiness,politics,andsocialchange,amongothers-impedesourabilitytomakeprogressonourtoughestsocialchallenges.
animperative
powerandlovestandatrightanglesanddelineatethespaceofsocialchange.ifwewanttogetunstuckandtomovearoundthisspace-ifwewanttoaddressourtoughestchallenges-wemustunderstandandworkwithbothofthesedrives.
ratherthanachoicetobemadeonewayoranother,powerandloveconstituteapermanentdilemmathatmustbereconciledcontinuouslyandcreatively.thisreconciliationiseasyintheorybuthardinpractice.carljungdoubtedwhetheritwasevenpossibleforthesetwodrivestocoexistinthesameperson:"wherelovereigns,thereisnowilltopower;andwherethewillpowerisparamount,loveicking.theoneisbuttheshadowoftheother."[9]hisstudentrobertjohnsonsaid,"probablythemosttroublesomepairofoppositesthatwecantrytoreconcileisloveandpower.ourmodernworldistorntoshredsbythisdichotomy,andonefindsmanymorefailuresthansessesintheattempttoreconcilethem."[10]
ihaveseenmanyexamplesofrecklessandabusivepowerwithoutlove,andmanyexamplesofsentimentndanemiclovewithoutpower.ihaveseenfarfewerexamplesofpowerwithlove.toofewofusarecapableofemployingpowerwithlove.moreofusneedtolearn.
ifwearetoseedinco-creatingnewsocialrealities,wecannotchoosebetweenpowerandlove.wemustchooseboth.thisbookexploreshow.
theseextremewaysareextremelmon,onallscales.oneonone,wecanbepushyorconflictaverse.atwork,wecanbebossyor"goalongtogetalong."inoumunities,wecansetthingsupsothattheyarethewaywewantthemtobe,orwecanabdicate.innationffairs,wecanmakedealstogetourway,orwecanletothershavetheirway.ininternationalrtions-whetherthechallengeisclimatechangeortraderulesorpeaceinthemiddleeast-wecantrytoimposeoursolutionsoneveryoneelse,orwecannegotiateendlessly.theseextrememonwaysoftryingtoaddressourtoughestsocialchallengesusuallyfail,leavingusstuckandinpain.therearemanyexceptionstothesegeneralizationsabouttheprevalenceoftheseextremeways,butthefactthattheseareexceptionsprovesthegeneralrule.weneed-andmanypeopleareworkingondeveloping-different,umonwaysofaddressingsocialchallenges:waysbeyondthesedegenerativeformsofwarandpeace.
acharacterinrent,jonatharson''sbroadwaymusicboutstrugglingartistsandmusiciansinnewyorkcity,says,"theoppositeofwarisn''tpeace,it''screation!"[1]toaddressourtoughestsocialchallenges,weneedawaythatisneitherwarnorpeace,butcollectivecreation.howcanweco-createnewsocialrealities?
twofundamentaldrives
toco-createnewsocialrealities,wehavetoworkwithtwodistinctfundamentalforcesthatareintension:powerandlove.thisassertionrequiresanexnationbecausethewords"power"and"love"aredefinedbysomanydifferentpeopleinsomanydifferentways.inthisbookiusetwounusualdefinitionsofpowerandlovesuggestedbytheologianandphilosopherpaultillich.hisdefinitionsareontological:theydealwithwhatandwhypowerandloveare,ratherthanwhattheyenableorproduce.iusethesedefinitionsbecausetheyringtruewithmyexperienceofwhatinpracticeisrequiredtoaddresstoughchallengesatalllevels:individual,groupmunity,society.
tillichdefinespoweras"thedriveofeverythinglivingtorealizeitself,withincreasingintensityandextensity."sopowerinthissenseisthedrivetoachieveone''spurpose,togetone''sjobdone,togrow.hedefinesloveas"thedrivetowardstheunityoftheseparated."[2]soloveinthissenseisthedrivetoreconnectandmakewholethatwhichhasbeorappearsfragmented.thesetwowaysoflookingatpowerandlove,ratherthanthemormonideasofoppressivepowerandromanticlove(representedonthecoverbythegrenadeandtherose),areatthecoreofthisbook.
ourfullworld
wecannotaddressourtoughchallengesonlythroughdrivingtowardsself-realizationoronlythroughdrivingtowardsunity.weneedtodoboth.oftenweassumethatallittakestocreatesomethingnew-whetherinbusinessorpoliticsortechnologyorart-ispurposefulnessorpower.thisisbecauseweoftenassumethatthecontextinwhichwecreateisanemptyworld:anopenfrontier,awhitespace,ankcanvas.ingeneralthisassumptionisincorrect.
let''slookatahistoricalexample.in1788,britishsettlersarrivedinaustraliaandencounteredtheindigenouspeoplewhohadarrived40,000yearsearlier.thishistoryillustratesnotonlythecourageandentrepreneurialismofpeoplewillingtotravcrosstheglobetocreateanewsocialreality,butalsothehumanandecologicaldevastationthatthispioneeringmind-setcanproduce.formorethantwocenturies,theconflictbetweensettlersandaboriginalpeoplesinaustraliawasframedintermsofthedoctrineofterranullius,aromanlegaltermthatmeansndbelongingtonoone,"or"emptnd."itwasnotuntil1992thatthehighcourtofaustraliaruledthatthecontinenthadinfactneverbeenterranullius,andthatthemodern-daysettlershadtoworkoutanewwayoflivingtogetherwiththeaboriginalpeople.
noneofuslivesinterranullius.wecanpretendthatourworldisempty,butitisnot.ourearthisincreasinglyfullofpeopleandbuildingsandcarsandpilesofgarbage.ouratmosphereisincreasinglyfullofcarbondioxide.oursocietyisincreasinglyfullofdiverse,strongpetingvoicesandideasandcultures.thisfullnessisthefundamentalreasonwhy,inordertoaddressourtoughestsocialchallenges,weneedtoemploynotonlypowerbutalsolove.
achallengeistoughwhenitiplexinthreeways.[3]achallengeisdynamicallplexwhencauseandeffectareinterdependentandfarapartinspaceandtime;suchchallengescannotsessfullybeaddressedpiecebypiece,butonlybyseeingthesystemasawhole.achallengeissociallplexwhentheactorsinvolvedhavedifferentperspectivesandinterests;suchchallengescannotsessfullybeaddressedbyexpertsorauthorities,butonlywiththeengagementoftheactorsthemselves.andachallengeisgenerativelplexwhenitsfutureisfundamentallyunfamiliarandundetermined;suchchallengescannotsessfullybeaddressedbyapplying"bestpractice"solutionsfromthepast,butonlybygrowingnew,"nextpractice"solutions.
thefullnessofourworldproducesthisthreefolplexity.wecanpretendthatweareindependentandthatwhatwedodoesnotaffectothers(andwhatothersdodoesnotaffectus),butthisisnottrue.wecanpretendthateverybodyseesthingsthesameway,orthatourdifferencescanberesolvedpurelythroughmarketorpoliticalorlegapetition,butthisisnottrue.andwecanpretendthatwecandothingsthewaywealwayshave,orthatwecanfirstfigureoutandthenexecutethecorrectanswer,butthisisnottrue.
whenwepretendthatourworldisemptyratherthanfull,andthatourchallengesaresimpleratherthaplex,wegetstuck.ifwewanttogetunstuck,weneedtoacknowledgeourinterdependence,cooperate,andfeelourwayforward.weneedthereforetoemploynotonlyourpowerbutalsoourlove.ifthissoundseasy,itisnot.itisdifficultanddangerous.
twopitfalls
powerandlovearedifficulttoworkwithbecauseeachofthemhastwosides.powerhasagenerativesideandadegenerativeside,and-lessobviously-lovealsohasagenerativesideandadegenerativeside.feministschrpamelchioripointedouttomethatwecanseethesetwosetsoftwosidesifwelookathistoricallyconstructedgenderroles.thefather,embodyingmasculinepower,goesouttowork,todohisjob.thegenerativesideofhispoweristhathecancreatesomethingvaluableintheworld.thedegenerativesideofhispoweristhathecanbesofocusedonhisworkthathedenieshisconnectiontohiscolleaguesandfamily,andsobesarobotoratyrant.
themother,bycontrast,embodyingfemininelove,staysathometoraisethechildren.thegenerativesideofherloveisthatshegiveslife,literallytoherchildandfigurativelytoherwholefamily.thedegenerativesideofherloveisthatshecanbesoidentifiedwithandembracingofherchildandfamilythatshedeniestheirandespeciallyherownneedforself-realization,andsostuntstheirandherowngrowth.[4]
loveiswhatmakespowergenerativeinsteadofdegenerative.poweriswhatmakeslovegenerativeinsteadofdegenerative.powerandlovearethereforeexactlplementary.inorderforeachtoachieveitsfullpotential,itneedstheother.justastheterranulliusperspectiveoffocusingonlyonpowerisanerror,sotooisthepopperspectivethat"allyouneedislove."
psychologistrollomay,afriendofpaultillich,warnedofthedangersofdisconnectingpower(whichhereferredtoas"will")fromlove."loveandwill,"hewrote,"areinterdependentandbelongtogether.bothareconjunctiveprocessesofbeing-areachingouttoinfluenceothers,molding,forming,creatingtheconsciousnessoftheother.butthisisonlypossible,inaninnersense,ifoneopensoneselfatthesametimetotheinfluenceoftheother.willwithoutlovebesmaniptionandlovewithoutwillbessentimental.thebottomthendropsoutoftheconjunctiveemotionsandprocesses."[5]may''sconjunctiveprocessesalsooperateonasociallevel,andwecaneffectnonviolentsocialchangeonlyifwecanengagebothourpowerandourlove.
oneofthegreatestpractitionersofnonviolentsocialchange,martinlutherkingjr.,wasbothapracttivistandaspiritualleader.hedemonstratedawayofaddressingtoughsocialchallengesthatwentbeyondaggressivewarandsubmissivepeace,therebycontributingtothecreationofnewsocialrealitiesintheunitedstatesandaroundtheworld.inhistpresidentialspeechtothesouthernchristianleadershipconference,king-drawingonhisdoctoralstudiesoftillich''swork-emphasizedtheessentiaplementaritybetweenpowerandlove.[6]"powerwithoutloveisrecklessandabusive,"kingsaid,"andlovewithoutpowerissentimentndanemic."[7]
myownexperienceofthepasttwentyyearsentirelybearsoutking''sanalysis.powerwithoutloveisrecklessandabusive.ifthoseofusengagedinsocialchangeacttorealizeourselveswithoutrecognizingthatweandothersareinterdependent,theresultwitbestbeinsensitiveandatworst,oppressiveorevengenocidal.andlovewithoutpowerissentimentndanemic.ifwerecognizeourinterdependenceandacttounifywithothers,butdosoinawaythathobblesourownorothers''growth,theresultwitbestbeineffectundatworst,deceitfullyreinforcingofthestatusquo.
powerwithoutloveproducesscorched-earthwarthatdestroyseverythingweholddear.lovewithoutpowerproduceslifelesspeacethatleavesusstuckince.bothoftheseareterribleoues.weneedtofindabetterway.
inhisspeech,kingwentontosay,"thiscollisionofimmoralpowerwithpowerlessmoralityconstitutesthemajorcrisisofourtime."[8]thiscollisioncontinuesbecauseourprizationofpowerandlovecontinues.inoursocietiesanmunitiesandorganizations,andwithineachofus,weusuallyfinda"powercamp,"whichpaysattentiontointerestsanddifferences,anda"lovecamp,"whichpaysattentiontoconnectionsanmonalities.thecollisionbetweenthesetwocamps-intheworldsofbusiness,politics,andsocialchange,amongothers-impedesourabilitytomakeprogressonourtoughestsocialchallenges.
animperative
powerandlovestandatrightanglesanddelineatethespaceofsocialchange.ifwewanttogetunstuckandtomovearoundthisspace-ifwewanttoaddressourtoughestchallenges-wemustunderstandandworkwithbothofthesedrives.
ratherthanachoicetobemadeonewayoranother,powerandloveconstituteapermanentdilemmathatmustbereconciledcontinuouslyandcreatively.thisreconciliationiseasyintheorybuthardinpractice.carljungdoubtedwhetheritwasevenpossibleforthesetwodrivestocoexistinthesameperson:"wherelovereigns,thereisnowilltopower;andwherethewillpowerisparamount,loveicking.theoneisbuttheshadowoftheother."[9]hisstudentrobertjohnsonsaid,"probablythemosttroublesomepairofoppositesthatwecantrytoreconcileisloveandpower.ourmodernworldistorntoshredsbythisdichotomy,andonefindsmanymorefailuresthansessesintheattempttoreconcilethem."[10]
ihaveseenmanyexamplesofrecklessandabusivepowerwithoutlove,andmanyexamplesofsentimentndanemiclovewithoutpower.ihaveseenfarfewerexamplesofpowerwithlove.toofewofusarecapableofemployingpowerwithlove.moreofusneedtolearn.
ifwearetoseedinco-creatingnewsocialrealities,wecannotchoosebetweenpowerandlove.wemustchooseboth.thisbookexploreshow.